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Andreas Papandreou
Andreas Georgios Papandreou ((ギリシア語:Ανδρέας Γεώργιος Παπανδρέου); (:anˈðreas papanˈðreu); 5 February 1919 – 23 June 1996) was a Greek economist, a socialist politician and a dominant figure in Greek politics. The son of Georgios Papandreou, Andreas was a Harvard-trained academic. He served two terms as prime minister of Greece (21 October 1981 to 2 July 1989; and 13 October 1993 to 22 January 1996).
His assumption of power in 1981 influenced the course of Greek political history, ending an almost 50-year-long system of power dominated by conservative forces. The achievements of his successive governments include the official recognition of the Greek Resistance against the Axis, the establishment of the National Health System and the Supreme Council for Personnel Selection (ASEP), the passage of Law 1264/1982 which secured the right to strike and greatly improved the rights of workers, the constitutional amendment of 1985–1986 which strengthened parliamentarism and reduced the powers of the indirectly-elected president, the conduct of an assertive and independent Greek foreign policy, the expansion in the power of local governments, many progressive reforms in Greek law and the granting of permission to the refugees of the Greek Civil War to return home in Greece.〔Jacobs, Francis (1989) ''Western European political parties: a comprehensive guide''. Addison-Wesley Longman Limited. ISBN 0582001137. pp. 123–130〕〔Pantazopoulos, Andreas (2001). ''Gia to lao kai to Ethnos: i stigmi Andrea Papandreou 1965–1989''. pp. 63–121〕〔Clogg, Richard (1987) ''Political Parties in Greece: the search for legitimacy''. Duke University Press. ISBN 0822307944. pp. 122–148〕 The Panhellenic Socialist Movement (PASOK), which he founded and led, was the first non-communist political party in Greek history with a mass-based organization, introducing an unprecedented level of political and social participation in Greek society.〔 In a poll conducted by Kathimerini in 2007, 48% of those polled called Papandreou the "most important Greek Prime Minister". In the same poll, the first four years of Papandreou's government after Metapolitefsi were voted as the best government Greece ever had.
==Early life and career==
Papandreou was born on the island of Chios, Greece, the son of Zofia (Sofia) Mineyko (1883–1981) and the leading Greek liberal politician George Papandreou. His maternal grandfather was Polish-born public figure Zygmunt Mineyko, and his maternal grandmother was Greek. Before university, he attended Athens College a leading private school in Greece. He attended the National and Kapodistrian University of Athens from 1937 until 1938 when, during the Fascist Metaxas dictatorship, he was arrested for purported Trotskyism. Following representations by his father, he was allowed to leave for the US.
In 1943, Papandreou received a PhD degree in economics from Harvard University. Immediately after getting his doctorate, Papandreou joined America's war effort and volunteered for the US Navy, serving as an examiner of models for repairing warships, and as a hospital corpsman at the Bethesda Naval Hospital for war wounded〔To Ethnos, Είναι βοηθός καθηγητή στο Πανεπιστήμιο Χάρβαρντ και εκείνη την περίοδο υπηρετεί ως εθελοντής του αμερικανικού Πολεμικού Ναυτικού (εξετάζει μοντέλα για τον κατάλληλο χρόνο επισκευής πλοίων) ()〕 becoming a United States citizen. He returned to Harvard in 1946 and served as a lecturer and associate professor until 1947. He then held professorships at the University of Minnesota, Northwestern University, the University of California, Berkeley (where he was chair of the Department of Economics), Stockholm University and York University in Toronto. In 1948, he entered into a relationship with University of Minnesota journalism student Margaret Chant, born in 1923, daughter of Douglas Chant and wife Hulda Pfund. After Chant obtained a divorce, and after his own divorce from Christina Rasia, his first wife, Papandreou and Chant were married in 1951. They had three sons and a daughter. Papandreou also had, with Swedish actress and TV presenter Ragna Nyblom, a daughter out of wedlock, Emilia Nyblom, who was born in 1969 in Sweden.
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